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COVID-19: Singapore won't hesitate to act against those who flout measures to curb coronavirus, says Minister for Home Affairs K. Shanmugam

Man who breached coronavirus stay-home notice stripped of Singapore PR status, barred from re-entry
China couple charged under Infectious Diseases Act for giving false information to Ministry of Health and obstruction of contact tracing
By Timothy Goh, The Straits Times, 28 Feb 2020

The authorities will not hesitate to take strong action against those who break the rules meant to contain the spread of the coronavirus here, Minister for Home Affairs K. Shanmugam said yesterday.

His comments come a day after it was announced that action has been taken against three Chinese nationals who flouted coronavirus containment measures here.

The first of the trio, a 45-year-old Singapore permanent resident (PR), breached his stay-home notice (SHN) requirements while he was here from Feb 20 to 23.

As a result, he was stripped of his PR status and barred from re-entering Singapore.



In a Facebook post yesterday, Mr Shanmugam said: "He wilfully disregarded his SHN, which required him to remain at home at all times for 14 days. He was served with the SHN because he had travelled to China recently.

"He did not respond to phone calls and was also not at his declared residence when ICA officers conducted checks. He later insisted on leaving Singapore before the SHN was completed."

He added: "Some people said that this may be a bit harsh. But the deliberate breaking of the rules, in the current situation, calls for swift and decisive response."

The other two people, a couple from China, had been accused of giving false information to Ministry of Health (MOH) officials and obstructing contact tracing.

The man, a 38-year-old Chinese national from Wuhan known as Hu Jun, is case 16 here.

His wife, Shi Sha, is a 36-year-old Chinese national who lives here.

She was identified as a close contact and was issued a quarantine order on Feb 1 after MOH initiated contact tracing to identify those who may have been exposed to the infected person while he was symptomatic.



But the couple allegedly gave false information about their movements and whereabouts from Jan 22 to 29 when they were contacted for contact tracing, with Shi also providing false information while under quarantine.

However, detailed investigations uncovered the couple's true movements. They are due to be charged today under the Infectious Diseases Act.

"Contact tracing is an essential step in containing the virus," wrote Mr Shanmugam. "During this period, we need everyone to cooperate. People need to know that we will not hesitate to take strong action," he said.





















China couple charged under Infectious Diseases Act with giving false info to MOH officials
They face up to six months in jail for allegedly obstructing contact tracing efforts
By Shaffiq Alkhatib, Court Correspondent, The Straits Times, 29 Feb 2020

A couple from China were charged in a district court yesterday with giving false information to Ministry of Health (MOH) officials amid the coronavirus outbreak - lies which obstructed the process of contact tracing.

Hu Jun, 38, who is from Wuhan - the epicentre of the Covid-19 disease outbreak - and his wife Shi Sha, 36, who lives in Singapore, were the first people to be charged under the Infectious Diseases Act in relation to the current outbreak.



In a statement on Wednesday, MOH had said that Hu arrived in Singapore on Jan 22 and was confirmed to be infected on Jan 31.

He recovered and was discharged from hospital on Feb 19.

His wife was identified as a close contact and issued a quarantine order on Feb 1, after MOH initiated contact tracing to identify those who may have been exposed to Hu while he was symptomatic.

The couple had allegedly given false information to MOH officials about their movements and whereabouts from Jan 22 to 29, when they were contacted during the quarantine period.



Shi faces four charges under the Act. According to court documents, Shi had been ordered to be isolated in a unit at the Loft @ Nathan condominium in Nathan Road, near River Valley Road.

The woman allegedly told health officer Georgina Lim several lies on Jan 30.

Among other things, she claimed she had not stayed in another unit at the same condominium.

Shi allegedly lied again two days later, claiming she had not stayed in a hotel.

Ms Lim was allegedly lied to twice on Feb 3, when Shi claimed that she had flagged down a blue taxi outside Loft @ Nathan on Jan 29 so that she and Hu could go to the Singapore General Hospital.

Hu, who faces one charge under the Act, is accused of giving false information to health officer Poh Cuiqin on Feb 1.

He allegedly lied to Ms Poh, claiming that apart from having dinner at Ion Orchard shopping mall on Jan 22 and walking around Loft @ Nathan two days later, he had stayed indoors at a unit there from Jan 22 to 29.



In its earlier statement, MOH had said it was able to determine the couple's true movements only through detailed investigations.

The ministry reminded the public that under the Act, it is an offence for anyone to withhold or provide inaccurate information to officials during contact tracing.

It added that it views such actions seriously and will not hesitate to take appropriate action against perpetrators.

The couple, who is represented by lawyer Chung Ting Fai, will be back in court on March 20.

Anyone convicted of an offence under the Infectious Diseases Act can be jailed for up to six months and fined up to $10,000 for the first offence.









 





 






MHA investigating Singapore chapter of secretive South Korean Shincheonji Church
Church at the heart of virus outbreak in South Korea used 'deceptive methods' here
By Charmaine Ng and Calvin Yang, The Straits Times, 29 Feb 2020

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is looking to ban activities of the unregistered Singapore chapter of a secretive church at the centre of South Korea's coronavirus outbreak.

Five South Korean nationals and two Singaporeans are helping MHA with their investigations, the ministry said yesterday.

The South Korean church is known as the Shincheonji Church of Jesus, the Temple of the Tabernacle of the Testimony (SCJ). Out of South Korea's 2,300-odd coronavirus cases, 840 are linked to the church.

Speaking to reporters yesterday, Home Affairs and Law Minister K. Shanmugam said the group, which he said has fewer than 100 members here, is being investigated under "national security legislation".



He added that while people here are free to believe in any religion, the Government will step in when "it crosses the line into criminality or potential public security issues".

"There was reason to believe that people were being misled and defrauded into certain actions, and the cult was behind it even though they put up front companies to carry out their actions," he said.

He added that the threat to Singapore currently is not high because the group's activities were picked up fairly quickly. "But we think the activities would be inimical to the broader public if (the group is) allowed to carry on."

The church allegedly regards all other churches and pastors as belonging to Satan.

MHA said: "SCJ teaches that it is acceptable to use deceit and lies if it serves God's purposes. It has been accused of infiltrating and disrupting established Korean churches by using deception and secrecy to trick people into becoming involved with them."



MHA also said the Singapore chapter of the church had used "similar deceptive methods", such as using front entities to target Christian youth and young adults to join their group.

"A controlling influence is then exerted over these young members, requiring them to comply with strict instructions to conceal the local existence of SCJ and their involvement with it," said MHA.

"Members are not allowed to contact one another, verify teachings with other churches or inform their families of their involvement."

The ministry said its investigations started as early as February last year, when the church's local chapter tried to register a company in Singapore under the name of Heavenly Culture, World Peace and Restoration of Light.

MHA objected to the registration of the company.

Investigations later found that the church had previously incorporated another front company called Spasie, which claimed to offer consultancy services.

The church also recently set up a sole proprietorship called Kings Ave. MHA said this is "a front, to lease property for use as a 'temple' ".

Checks by The Straits Times on the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority's website showed Spasie was incorporated on Dec 8, 2016. It has two listed directors and a secretary - all Singaporeans - and two shareholders - a South Korean and a South African.

Meanwhile, Kings Ave was incorporated on Dec 31 last year, and lists a Singapore citizen as the sole proprietor. It has since ceased registration.



MHA stepped up investigations after the church's practices were linked to the outbreak in Daegu.

It added, however, that members here who have been interviewed so far have not been in recent physical contact with people from the Daegu cluster.

Four of the South Koreans assisting the investigations entered Singapore before the outbreak of the virus in Daegu and Cheongdo. The fifth person came into Singapore on Feb 21, but the Ministry of Health's checks indicate that she is well, said MHA.

Spasie's office, located in Ubi, was closed when The Straits Times visited yesterday. Staff from a neighbouring unit said loud music was often heard from the unit on weekends. One staff member added that he often saw teenagers entering and leaving the place.









Ultra-secret South Korean cult's tactics in Singapore mirror those used elsewhere
The Straits Times, 29 Feb 2020

It is a religious group that operated in secret, luring Christian youth and young adults via a front, and then compelling them to keep the group's existence a secret.

Recruited members were not allowed to contact one another, verify teachings with other churches or speak to their families about the group's activities.

This was how members of the Shincheonji Church of Jesus operated in secrecy here, including setting up companies under the guise of providing consultancy services or workshops.

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) said this in a statement yesterday, revealing the workings of the ultra-secret religious cult in Singapore.

Its modus operandi here mirrors tactics it has used elsewhere in the world.



The group, whose name in full is the "Shincheonji Church of Jesus, the Temple of the Tabernacle of the Testimony", originated in South Korea.

It is also at the centre of the country's coronavirus outbreak in the city of Daegu. The church is linked to 840 of the around 2,300 cases in South Korea.

Shincheonji, in the Korean language, means "new heaven and earth". Founded in 1984 by religious leader Lee Man-hee, the church is widely seen as a heretical Christian group which claims to have more than 200,000 adherents around the world. It is not officially recognised in Singapore.

So far, five South Koreans and two Singaporeans are assisting in ongoing investigations, said MHA. The group has fewer than 100 members here, Home Affairs Minister K. Shanmugam said yesterday.

Among the group's radical beliefs is one which says that its founder Lee is the second coming of Jesus Christ, and that he will take 144,000 followers to Heaven with him on Judgment Day.

The church's website also describes him as an angel of Jesus.

"Shincheonji followers believe Lee Man-hee is immortal and has an eternal life," Professor Tark Ji-il, an expert in heretical Christian groups at Busan Presbyterian University in South Korea, told the Associated Press news agency.

"To propagate their belief, they often approach their relatives and acquaintances or sneak to other churches without telling them they are Shincheonji members."



In South Korea, Shincheonji is organised into "12 tribes", each named after one of Jesus' disciples.

On its website, the church says its has 300 mission centres in 15 countries, including the United States, China, Australia, Japan and the Philippines. It opened a branch in Wuhan, China, last year.

The website goes on to say that hundreds of pastors have renounced their ordainment to join Shincheonji.

But Shincheonji has also come under intense criticism in the wake of the coronavirus outbreak in South Korea.

Over a million South Koreans have signed an online petition calling for the forcible dissolution of the shadowy group after reports emerged that Shincheonji members were uncooperative and hampered the health authorities' efforts to trace and contain the outbreak.

The group's critics say it teaches a distorted theology centred on the end of the world, brainwashes its followers and breaks families apart.



There are many reports on how members cut ties with their families after joining the church.

Critics also say that Shincheonji claims its teachings are a "superior truth" to that offered by mainstream churches.

Reports on how the group operates often say members infiltrate mainstream churches and use deceptive methods to lure young converts, in some cases inviting them to Bible study sessions.

In 2016, the Church of England issued an alert to about 500 parishes in London about a Shincheonji-linked charity that was recruiting churchgoers.









 










Singapore to bar visitors from Cheongdo and Daegu, South Korea from 26 February 2020, 2359 hours
By Timothy Goh, The Straits Times, 26 Feb 2020

Singapore will bar new visitors with recent travel history to Cheongdo county and Daegu city in South Korea from 11.59pm, 26 February, as the number of coronavirus cases in these areas continues to climb.

National Development Minister Lawrence Wong, who co-chairs a multi-ministry task force tackling the coronavirus with Health Minister Gan Kim Yong, said returning Singapore citizens, permanent residents and long-term pass holders with recent travel history to Cheongdo and Daegu within the last 14 days will be issued stay-home notices.

This means that they will not be allowed to leave their homes for 14 days after they return to Singapore.



Yesterday, the Ministry of Manpower (MOM) also announced that from 11.59pm, 26 February, all work pass holders with recent travel history to the two regions will need to get approval before entering Singapore.

Workers who received in-principle approval for their work passes but have yet to enter Singapore, and their dependants, will also need this approval.

All affected work pass holders who return to Singapore will have to stay at their place of residence here for 14 days.

When applying for affected workers' entry approval, employers must declare to MOM that they have arranged for suitable premises to house these returning employees during the 14-day stay-home notice period.

Employers are required to apply for entry approval for their workers online, which will be available from 8am today.

Employers should inform their affected employees, including their dependants, if any, not to make travel plans to Singapore until approval has been given.

Employers must also send MOM's approval letter to the affected employees, who will need to show it to airline staff when they check in and at the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority's checkpoint when they arrive here.



Universities here have taken precautions as well, suspending exchange programmes to South Korea and advising their students there to come back.

The Ministry of Health had earlier already advised travellers to avoid non-essential travel to Daegu and Cheongdo, and to take precautions when travelling to the rest of South Korea.

South Korea, where 10 have died, has raised its virus alert to red - the highest - as the number of cases continues to spike, with a total of 977 at last count.

At least 511 cases are linked to the Shincheonji Church of Jesus in Daegu, and 113 cases are from Daenam Hospital in Cheongdo.



With the growing number of cases in South Korea, visitors and returning travellers pose a heightened risk, said Mr Gan.

Asked how many Singaporeans are in Daegu and Cheongdo, and whether there are plans to evacuate them, director of medical services Kenneth Mak said it did not have information about the number of Singaporeans in those places.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is trying to find out and, if necessary, is prepared to provide consular assistance, he added.


























Ministry of Manpower rejects 500 applications for work-pass holders' re-entry into Singapore daily, up from 400
MOM acts against more workers and bosses over LOA breaches
By Jean Iau, The Straits Times, 25 Feb 2020

The Ministry of Manpower (MOM) has taken action against 10 more work pass holders and suspended the privileges of nine more employers for breaching leave of absence (LOA) requirements between Feb 10 and yesterday.

MOM said in a statement that as of yesterday, it has taken action against a total of 14 work pass holders and 15 employers.

Of the 10 work pass holders who most recently flouted the rules, six had their passes revoked.

Among the six, one foreign worker had his work pass revoked and is permanently banned from employment here after he was caught visiting a casino.



Two workers said they were not aware of the LOA requirements, despite being informed earlier. Their work passes were revoked, and they were permanently banned from employment here. Their employers' work pass privileges were suspended for two years.

Three workers did not respond to repeated calls by MOM. It revoked their work passes and suspended the work pass privileges of the two employers involved for failing to ensure that their workers were contactable during the LOA period.

For the other four workers who did not have their passes revoked, they were given stern warnings.

Three of these cases involved workers on LOA who were instructed by their employers to report to work. MOM has suspended their employers' work pass privileges for three years. These companies are freight forwarding firm Element Logistics, architecture firm SCDA Design, and manufacturing firm Cham Brothers Engineering.

The fourth foreign worker was given a stern warning for being out of his residence for a prolonged period of time after his meal.



MOM also said yesterday that it has rejected about 500 applications a day for work pass holders with travel history to mainland China to return to Singapore, since new measures to help contain the coronavirus outbreak kicked in on Feb 9.

This is higher than the 400 daily rejections in the first week after the measures were implemented.

The ministry said it now approves 220 applications on average daily. This is slightly higher than the daily average of 200 in the first week after the entry approval requirements kicked in.

It has also since revoked the work passes of 11 workers who breached entry approval requirements by entering Singapore despite failing to get approval. They were sent back to their home countries and permanently banned from working here. Their employers' work pass privileges were also suspended for a year.




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Income inequality in Singapore falls to lowest level since 2001 as household incomes rise in 2019

Department of Statistics' Key Household Income Trends 2019 report
Income inequality narrows as top-tier's earnings freeze
Govt transfers also helped low-earners close the gap with others in 2019, report shows
By Toh Wen Li, The Straits Times, 21 Feb 2020

Income inequality here tapered to its narrowest in almost two decades, after income for the bulk of households rose by up to 5.6 per cent last year while the top 10 per cent saw their income grow just 0.4 per cent.

The Gini coefficient - which measures income inequality from zero to 1, with zero being most equal - fell to 0.452 last year, lower than 0.458 in 2018 and the lowest since 2001, according to the Department of Statistics' Key Household Income Trends report released yesterday.

Government transfers and taxes whittled the Gini coefficient down further to 0.398.

Experts cite government efforts to boost the income of low-wage earners as a possible reason.

Conversely, a sluggish economy has disproportionately affected high earners, many of whom are in managerial or business positions.

The bulk of their compensation is in the form of bonus, which would take a hit if the economy is not doing well, said DBS Bank's senior economist Irvin Seah.

Last year, Singapore's economy expanded by 0.7 per cent year on year, far below the 3.1 per cent expansion in 2018.

OCBC Bank's chief economist Selena Ling said that some sectors, such as finance and technology, are "more tied to market forces... and more vulnerable to swings in economic cycles".

Meanwhile, the social safety net for the low-income has been strengthened. "There have been many schemes to raise the minimum wages for certain professions, such as security guards and cleaners," said Ms Ling, referring to progressive wage models which set entry-level basic monthly pay.

Households in the first to 90th percentile income groups saw real income growth of 3.5 to 5.6 per cent.

In addition, the quantum of transfers such as goods and services tax vouchers, and transport subsidies has been increasing, she said.



In the past two decades, Singapore's Gini coefficient - before taking into account government taxes and transfers - peaked at 0.482 in 2007. It then declined gradually, before rising again in 2012. It has plateaued at around 0.46 in recent years.

Across the board, Singapore families earned more from work per person last year. The median monthly household income from work per household member rose to $2,925 last year, a 4.3 per cent increase after accounting for inflation.

This includes Central Provident Fund contributions from employers but excludes income from sources such as dividends and rent.

The bottom 10 per cent also saw their income grow relatively faster over the last five years.

Between 2014 and last year, the average monthly household income from work for each member in households in the bottom 10 per cent rose 23 per cent.

This is far higher than the 13.2 per cent growth for the top 10 per cent and contributed to the fall in the Gini coefficient, said Mr Seah.

Last year, families with at least one working member - which make up 86.8 per cent of households here - saw median monthly household income from work grow to $9,425, or 1 per cent in real terms, compared to 2.6 per cent in real terms in 2018.

The report also said that resident households, which include those with no working person, received $4,682 for each family member on average from various government schemes last year. Those living in one-and two-room HDB flats received $10,548 per household member on average - more than double that received by resident households in other types of housing.

With additional reporting by Yuen Sin













Household income of top 10% rose by just 0.4% in 2019
Figure lower than that for most other families, which grew by between 3.5% and 5.6%
By Toh Wen Li, The Straits Times, 21 Feb 2020

The top 10 per cent of families in Singapore saw their average household income rise by just 0.4 per cent last year - much lower than the bulk of households here, which saw growth of between 3.5 per cent and 5.6 per cent.

These figures, released yesterday in an annual report by the Department of Statistics, describe the real growth in average household income from work per household member, in families with at least one working member.

Experts said the results published in the report - which also found that income inequality in Singapore had fallen to its lowest in nearly two decades - were due to the Government's efforts to boost the income of low-wage earners.

Meanwhile, the slower income growth for top income earners might be blamed on the sluggish economy. Singapore's economy grew by 0.7 per cent year on year in 2019, down from 3.1 per cent in 2018.


Mr Song Seng Wun, an economist at CIMB Private Banking, said the trade war could have had an indirect impact on those in the top income bracket.

"If we look at civil servants' annual wage increments or bonuses, it's tied to GDP (gross domestic product). And GDP performance is tied to whether we get trade friction..."

He noted that the relatively higher growth rates in the middle-income group could partly be the result of the Government encouraging businesses to hire more locals.

Some suggested there may be other reasons for growth in income, such as falling household sizes.

Last year, the average household size among resident employed households fell to 3.36 people, from 3.44 in 2018 - which could translate to a higher household income per member.

Associate professor of economics Walter Theseira, of the Singapore University of Social Sciences, added that most households, except for those in the highest income brackets, have seen an increase in the average number of working members.

"Among the very top decile of household income earners, you actually see that the average number of people in the household working has actually gone down over the last 10 years. That, by itself, moderates somewhat the rise in household income inequality."

Noting that in the West, some extremely well-off households have only one working member because they do not need the extra income - something that has been described as the "trophy wife (or husband) phenomenon - he said: "I think high-income earners in Singapore question whether it is really necessary for both members to work, especially when their children are in certain critical ages."

In yesterday's report, "household income from work" includes Central Provident Fund contributions from employers, but excludes income from sources such as dividends and rent.

"It would be surprising," added Prof Theseira, "if you looked at individuals in the top brackets, and found that the (total) income really had slowed. Because that would be a strong counterpoint to the trend we have observed over the past couple of decades - that more and more of the returns go to them.

"A broader concern is whether there have been more and more opportunities for high-income earners to shift their income over to capital - which is a lot harder for countries to capture and monitor, compared with work income."

Mr Song added that the bottom 10 per cent, which last year had an average monthly household income of $597 per household member, might have seen more pronounced growth as "the base they are coming from is much lower".

DBS Bank senior economist Irvin Seah noted that the higher income rates for lower-to middle-income groups could be signs that efforts to upskill workers and enhance productivity have borne fruit.

He also acknowledged that much of the report deals with families with at least one working member - forming 86.8 per cent of households here.

This excludes those whose sole breadwinner has been retrenched, or where all members are retired and, possibly, elderly and poor.

So, while the reported fall in levels of income inequality is encouraging, "it does not show the full picture".









Don’t take international comparisons of income inequality at face value as different data used to derive figures: Experts
Don't take international comparisons of income inequality at face value, they caution
By Yuen Sin, The Straits Times, 22 Feb 2020

Singapore's efforts to address income inequality appear to be bearing fruit, but it still lags behind several developed countries on this front.

After factoring in taxes and transfers, and adjusting for different household sizes using a method called square root scale, Singapore's Gini coefficient was 0.352 last year.

The Gini coefficient measures income inequality from zero to one, with zero being most equal.

Singapore's score means that its income inequality is less severe than that in the United Kingdom and the United States.

However, several developed Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, such as Japan, Germany and Sweden, have even less income inequality than Singapore does.

Differences in economic and wage structure, as well as social and tax policy, could account for why Singapore has a relatively higher measure of inequality, alongside the UK and the US, said experts.

But different countries also rely on different data to compute the Gini coefficient, they added, cautioning against taking such international comparisons at face value.

The UK and US may rank higher than other OECD countries in terms of income inequality as they are home to major financial centres.

"This attracts top banks and firms, but it will also come at the expense of equality as not all parts of the country will benefit," said Dr Chua Hak Bin, senior economist at Maybank Kim Eng.

Dr Mathew Mathews, head of the Institute of Policy Studies' Social Lab, said that Singapore has also favoured a policy of low taxation which encourages those with high earning potential to remain in the Republic. This could help explain the higher Gini figure. Singapore is also unique as it is a city state, he added. "In quite a few countries, the Gini in their most prosperous cities might be much larger."

But Singapore has been more aggressive in addressing inequality than the US and UK, which have gone through austerity and tax cuts in recent years, thus its lower ranking than the two, said Associate Professor Irene Ng of the National University of Singapore's Department of Social Work.

Labour economist Walter Theseira said the strong involvement of the state and labour unions in industries in Europe could be another reason wages are generally flatter there. The unions make sure that top executives are not paid excessively more than workers.



In 2018, Finance Minister Heng Swee Keat also said Singapore's Gini figure is higher than that of some OECD countries that typically impose higher overall taxes on the working population, in particular on middle-income earners, to finance large social transfers.

Singapore's approach, on the other hand, is to keep the tax burden light and provide targeted support for people of lower income, he added.

Assistant Professor Ng Kok Hoe of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, however, pointed out that the OECD Gini figures are based on total disposable income and on all households, while the figure for Singapore is based on work income only. It excludes non-work income, such as that from investments. It also does not include non-working households.

Associate Professor Theseira said that if non-work income is factored in, this would be likely to increase the Gini coefficient for Singapore. "Capital income is much more unevenly distributed than work income."

Including non-working households would also lead to a higher Gini coefficient as there may be more households with low incomes within the overall distribution, said Prof Ng Kok Hoe.

It is important to continue lowering the Gini coefficient, given Singapore's relatively unequal position compared with other developed countries, said Prof Irene Ng. "There is room for more redistribution, and for more measures to address labour market inequalities."





Less income inequality in Singapore, but issue not licked yet
By Yuen Sin, The Straits Times, 21 Feb 2020

The latest figures on household incomes, released yesterday, show that government measures and programmes put in place over the past decade have made a decisive impact in narrowing the income gap.

The Gini coefficient - which measures income inequality from 0 to 1, with 0 being most equal - fell to 0.452 last year, the lowest since 2001, figures from the Department of Statistics' Key Household Income Trends report show.

This forms part of a general downward trend from a peak of 0.482 in 2007.



The narrowing gap can be attributed in part to a myriad of schemes - including the Progressive Wage Model (PWM) and the Wage Credit Scheme, introduced in 2012 and 2013 respectively - which have given the incomes of low-wage households a much needed boost.

According to Ministry of Manpower (MOM) data released this year, the annual average monthly income growth for residents in the bottom 20 per cent income group has outpaced that of those in the median income group.

Those in the lower-income group saw incomes grow by 4.4 per cent over the last five years, compared with 3.8 per cent for the median group.

Taking a longer-term view, workers in the bottom half of the income spectrum have also seen higher wage growth than those in the top half. The average monthly income per member has grown cumulatively by 43.9 per cent to 49 per cent over the past decade (2009 to 2019) for the bottom half of Singapore households, compared with 30.3 per cent to 43.4 per cent for those in the top half.

This impact is further felt when fiscal transfers to redistribute wealth to the less well-off are taken into account. Government transfers and taxes further reduced the Gini coefficient last year to 0.398, going below 0.4 for the first time in at least two decades.

"What we must recognise is that this is a reflection of state policy to redistribute resources to the less well-off... It reflects our national commitment to deal with inequality," said Dr Gillian Koh, deputy director for research at the Institute of Policy Studies.

The proposed Budget measures introduced on Tuesday will do even more to help with this, she noted, citing the higher Silver Support payouts for low-income elderly folk to GST vouchers and U-save measures.

But with slowing economic growth and Singapore now reeling from the impact of the ongoing coronavirus outbreak, it remains to be seen if wage growth for the lower-income group can be sustained, said Maybank Kim Eng senior economist Chua Hak Bin.

Singapore's economy grew by 0.7 per cent last year, based on flash estimates, down from 3.1 per cent in 2018.

"While the Government has come up with measures to help lower-income groups, you can't expect the same kind of gains across the board. Companies are struggling, and the outbreak has been hitting sectors where there are low-wage jobs, such as retail and the food and beverage industry," said Dr Chua.

It is also important to keep in mind that income is just one measure of inequality, and the Gini coefficient on its own is insufficient to tell if Singapore's efforts to tackle the issue of inequality and guard against social stratification have been paying off.

Yes, the growth in average monthly income per member for the top 10 per cent of households has tapered off to just 0.4 per cent last year, in contrast to the 4.4 per cent increase for those in the bottom decile.

But Singapore Management University professor of sociology (practice) Paulin Straughan said this Gini measure is a "crude statistic" that does not capture other types of inequalities that may continue to set this more well-off group apart from those who are poorer, such as wealth, social and cultural capital.

"Not being connected to the right networks, or people with the resources who can help you, can still stand in the way of upward mobility," said Prof Straughan.

To stave off inequality in the longer term, it is important to improve Singapore's economic structure so that there are good jobs and career pathways for all, and not just those who are graduates in our midst, said Dr Koh.

How well businesses can use technology to improve productivity, which would be reflected in wage growth, would also play a part, said CIMB Private Banking economist Song Seng Wun.

It is still too early to say, based on the latest Gini coefficient, that social inequality has been successfully addressed in Singapore.

But government policies in recent years have recognised the urgency of the need to guard against social stratification, with many recent schemes focused not just on lifting wages but also improving access to education and training.

Singapore is moving in the right direction.


World Health Organisation very impressed with Singapore's COVID-19 response

Republic's efforts in tackling cases and approach in communicating to public win experts' praise
The Straits Times, 20 Feb 2020

Singapore's efforts in tackling coronavirus cases and its approach in communicating to the public have won plaudits from experts and observers from around the world.

World Health Organisation (WHO) chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said he had spoken on Monday to Singapore Health Minister Gan Kim Yong.

"We are very impressed with the efforts they are making to find every case, follow up with contacts and stop transmission," said Dr Tedros.

"Singapore is leaving no stone unturned, testing every case of influenza-like illness and pneumonia and, so far, they have not found evidence of community transmission."


Singapore first detected a case of coronavirus on Jan 23 and two weeks later, the Government raised its risk assessment (DORSCON) of the outbreak from yellow to orange.

As of 19 February, the Republic had 84 confirmed coronavirus cases, while a total of 34 patients have been discharged.

Mr Gan said earlier this month that although Singapore has registered "limited transmission" of the virus, it does not constitute widespread community transmission.



According to a Harvard study to identify which locations may potentially have undetected internationally imported cases based on air travel volume estimates from Wuhan, Singapore was found to have identified more imported cases than expected, compared with other locations such as Thailand and Indonesia.

"Singapore lies above the 95 per cent prediction interval (PI), with 12... more reported import cases than expected under our model," said the paper, which has not been peer-reviewed and has been uploaded on medRxiv, an online platform for unpublished health sciences manuscripts.

The researchers said that Thailand has a relatively high air travel volume as compared with all other locations, yet it lies below the 95 per cent PI. "Based on our model, locations whose case counts exceed the 95 per cent PI could be interpreted as having higher case-detection capacity and/or more connection with Wuhan than that captured by available daily air travel volume, such as land transportation," said the Feb 11 report.



Singapore-based Australian journalist Stephen Dziedzic contrasted the Republic's "immense and sophisticated campaign" to contain the coronavirus against some other South-east Asian nations that have struggled to handle the threat.

"When the epidemic first hit, the vast machine of Singapore's public service roared smoothly into life, and it's still running at full throttle," he wrote in The Strategist, the commentary and analysis site of think-tank Australian Strategic Policy Institute, while listing the various efforts put in place by the Republic to limit the spread of the virus.

"Even if the bout of panic buying suggests the city-state is slightly more brittle than portrayed in national mythologies, this crisis has still been a powerful reminder of Singapore's formidable capacities."

Singapore leaders, led by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, have taken the lead to allay concerns over the spread of the epidemic.



PM Lee posted a video in three languages on his Facebook page on Feb 8 urging Singaporeans to stay united and resolute, adding that the nation is much better prepared to deal with the situation than it was 17 years ago with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars). His speech was also televised.

He also said the Government would change its approach if the virus became widespread to avoid overwhelming hospitals, adding that he would keep the public "informed every step of the way".

The speech won plaudits from the Philippines' largest entertainment and media conglomerate, ABS-CBN, which praised the 68-year-old for portraying "a picture of eloquent, soothing calm".

"He didn't only urge his citizens to do their part, but acknowledged those already doing theirs," it said.




































Coronavirus detection in Singapore 'gold standard' for case detection: Harvard study
By Rei Kurohi, The Straits Times, 18 Feb 2020

Singapore's approach to the coronavirus outbreak is the "gold standard" for case detection, according to a new study at Harvard University, with researchers using Singapore as a benchmark for other countries.

The study concluded that the global number of cases of COVID-19, as the disease has been called, would be 2.8 times more than it is currently if every other country had the same detection capacity as Singapore.

"We consider the detection of 18 cases by Feb 4, 2020 in Singapore to be a gold standard of near-perfect detection," wrote four epidemiologists at Harvard's T. H. Chan School of Public Health.

The researchers include epidemiology professor Marc Lipsitch, postdoctoral research fellows Aimee Taylor and Pablo Martinez de Salazar Munoz, and research associate Rene Niehus.

"We estimated that detection of exported cases from Wuhan worldwide is 38 per cent as sensitive as it has been in Singapore," they wrote.

Among what the study calls "high surveillance" countries, the number was 40 per cent. The study said detection ability among "low surveillance" countries, was just 11 per cent of Singapore's.

High surveillance countries were defined as those that scored the highest on the Global Health Security Index (GHSI), which ranks countries on their disease prevention, detection, reporting and response capabilities, among other things.

The researchers also referred to a previous study from the school which highlighted Singapore as a statistical anomaly when it tried to estimate how many cases each country should have based on travel volume from China.

The researchers had examined aggregated data from a Feb 4 World Health Organisation report on the number of cases imported by travellers with known travel history to China to 191 countries and regions. The study excluded Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.



The researchers then used historical data from the International Air Travel Association and other sources to estimate the number of daily air travel passengers from Wuhan, where the virus originated, to locations outside of China.

"Among countries with substantial travel volume, Singapore showed the highest ratio of detected imported cases to daily travel volume, a ratio of one case per five daily travellers," the study's authors wrote.

"Singapore is historically known for exceptionally sensitive detection of cases, for example in Sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome), and has had extremely detailed case reporting during the COVID-19 outbreak."

One implication of the latest study is that the virus could have remained undetected after being exported from Wuhan to various locations worldwide before the city was locked down on Jan 23, the authors noted.

The Harvard study was uploaded to a free online health sciences archive called medRxiv on Friday as an unpublished manuscript.

The report is complete but the website notes that such manuscripts, or preprints, are "preliminary reports of work that have not been peer reviewed" that should not be relied on to guide clinical practice or health-related behaviour.



































Singapore-made test helps solve virus mystery linked to mega cluster
How a breakthrough lab test and expert contact tracing solved the mystery behind Singapore’s largest COVID-19 cluster
Discovery is good news as it gives assurance spread is within control: Health Minister Gan Kim Yong
By Timothy Goh, The Straits Times, 26 Feb 2020

A new test that can detect coronavirus infections even in recovered patients has been used to link Singapore's biggest virus cluster at the Grace Assembly of God church and the cluster at The Life Church and Missions.

In what is likely a world first, contact tracers used serological tests - which are done on blood samples - to identify a married couple as the missing link between the clusters.



The couple - cases 83 and 91 - had attended a Chinese New Year gathering in Mei Hwan Drive on Jan 25.

The Health Ministry (MOH) yesterday said it determined the primary case in the Grace Assembly of God cluster was case 66, a 28-year-old Singaporean who works at the church and lives in Mei Hwan Drive.

Case 66 reported the onset of symptoms on Jan 29 - the earliest in the cluster of 23 cases, and went to work at the church while symptomatic.

Investigations showed that he had attended the same Chinese New Year gathering on Jan 25 as cases 83 and 91.

Contract tracers found that the married couple had gone to the Life Church and Missions on Jan 19, the same day as cases 8 and 9 - Chinese nationals from Wuhan who tested positive for Covid-19 in late January.

Cases 83 and 91 were well and had no symptoms during recent investigations, but records showed both had earlier sought medical treatment, the ministry said.

Case 83, a 54-year-old Singaporean, had visited a general practitioner clinic repeatedly.

Meanwhile, case 91 reported the onset of symptoms on Jan 23 - before the Jan 25 gathering. The 58-year-old Singaporean went to Sengkang General Hospital on Jan 26, but was not tested for Covid-19 as she did not meet the definition for suspect cases at the time.

Both case 83 and 91 were referred to the National Centre for Infectious Diseases for tests on Feb 18.

Case 83 tested positive on Feb 19, and was warded at the centre.

The lab tests currently used to confirm infections, known as polymerase chain reaction tests, detect the presence of viral genetic material in biological samples obtained from a patient, such as a saliva swab. Thus, these will not work if the patient has recovered.

As case 91 had recovered from the virus and was well, she took the serological test developed by Singapore's Duke-NUS Medical School.

The new test works by detecting antibodies the body produces in response to an infection. These antibodies can stay in the body for several years, making it possible for the test to find out if someone was infected with the virus previously - even if she has already recovered.

After case 91 tested positive for Covid-19 on Feb 22, the ministry managed to draw the missing link between the two church clusters.

"This meant that cases 83 and 91 likely got infected from cases 8 and 9, and went on to pass the infection to case 66 at the Chinese New Year gathering on Jan 25," said MOH.

"Case 66 subsequently passed the infection to his colleagues at Grace Assembly of God."



The discovery of case 91 as the missing link between the two clusters is good news, Health Minister Gan Kim Yong said yesterday.

"If we are not able to determine the source (of an infection), there is a risk that it is still in the community and we may have other clusters as a result of it. Now that we are able to determine that the source came from the Life Church cluster... there is a greater assurance that these two clusters are within our control."



In a Facebook post last night, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said the breakthrough would not have been possible without close cooperation among MOH, the police and Duke-NUS Medical School researchers.

Additional reporting by Rei Kurohi



















 













































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